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Authors
Liu, Jian
Yang, Huiqian
Wang, Zheng
Ahmad, Shaban
Zhou, Shuang
Zhou, Lingling
Lou, Dan
Guo, Zhiqiang
Li, Hui
Li, Xiaoming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-8678
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2026
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 10 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) protocols were approved by the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. The present NHANES analysis was a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data and did not require additional institutional review board approval. The external validation cohort was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (SWYX: NO.2025–569), and the participating centres completed local simplified ethics review in accordance with institutional requirements. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legally authorised representatives.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
