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Authors
Kadife, Elif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-3293
Harper, Alesia
Atukorala, Ishara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0194-5877
Ellis, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5772-6051
Brownfoot, Fiona C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-7016
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2026
Accepted: 7 August 2026
First Online: 17 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The use of surplus de-identified human placental tissue was approved under the provisions of The National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Placental tissues were collected with informed, written consent from patients at the University of Melbourne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Mercy Hospital for Women Ethics (#R11/34).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare that the senior author, Fiona Brownfoot, was among the discoverers of metformin as a potential treatment for preeclampsia and is involved in past and current randomised clinical trials (Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201608001752102). All relevant studies have been referenced in text. None of the authors have financial or industry incentives related to the use of metformin.
