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Article History

Received: 14 April 2026

Accepted: 25 August 2026

First Online: 17 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involves human participants, and the local ethics committee of the Hamburg Medical Association approved the study (PV5392). All participants provided informed consent before inclusion in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: IH has received honoraria from BMS and Sysmex for lectures and presentations outside the submitted work. SWS has received honoraria from GSK, Leo, Sanofi, Pfizer, Almirall, and Novartis. SWS is a board member of the Hiege Stiftung – Die Deutsche Hautkrebsstiftung, unpaid. JK received grants from Hiege-Stiftung – Die Deutsche Hautkrebsstiftung, Roggenbuck-Stiftung, UCCH-fellowship, and MSNZ, outside the submitted work. GG received honoraria from Almirall Hermal GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb GmbH & Co. KGaA, and Janssen-Cilag GmbH for lectures and presentations. C.G. has received honoraria by Almirall, Biofrontera, BMS, Delcath, Immunocore, Janssen, Medscape, MSD, NAOS, Novartis, Onkowissen, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi, SUN Pharma, Sysmex. C.G. has received travel expenses by BMS, Pierre-Fabre, SUN Pharma. C.G. is a member of the advisory board of Almirall, Beiersdorf, BioNTech, BMS, Delcath, ImCheck, Immunocore, Immatics, Iovance, Moderna, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi, SkylineDX, SUN Pharma, Sysmex. C.G. is a board member of the DeCOG (ADO), EADO, and MWS, unpaid; C.G. is a board member of the Hiege Stiftung, and the Roggenbuck-Stiftung, unpaid. C.G. is co-founder of Dermagnostix and Dermagnostix R&D. KP has received funding from the EU/IHI (GUIDE.MRD).