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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 12 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in accordance with the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Institutional Review Board (code number PR(AG)185/2015). Informed consent was obtained from all participants/legal guardians.

: Written informed consent for publication of anonymized clinical data and imaging was obtained from the legal guardians of all patients included in the study.

: Estefania Quesada-Masachs is a pediatric rheumatologist and currently serves as a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Her areas of expertise include type 1 diabetes, in-situ protein expression in human tissue, musculoskeletal imaging, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and early-onset autoimmune diseases.

: This work did not receive specific funding. EQM received support from a grant of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology ( Sociedad Española de Reumatología ). MLC received support from a grant of the Instituto Carlos III (Río Ortega CM18/00012). This research was also supported by the Diabetes Research Initiative Foundation at the University of Miami. The authors acknowledge the critical support and resources provided by these institutions, which have significantly contributed to the advancement of this work. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the University of Miami or the Diabetes Research Institute Foundation.

: This study received ethics approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute (Comitè Ètic d’Investigació Clínica – CEIC – de l’Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron – Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron). Code number PR(AG)1852015.

: The authors declare no competing interests.