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Article History

Received: 31 May 2026

Accepted: 26 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: Participation in the ABIS study was based on informed consent, with parents receiving comprehensive information through oral presentations, written materials, and a video explanation prior to participation. The study protocol received ethical approval from the regional ethics committees at Linköping University (reference numbers Dnr 96–287, Dnr 99–321, and Dnr 03–092) and Lund University (LU 83–97) in Sweden. Additionally, the connection of ABIS data to national health registers was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in Linköping (Dnr 2013/253 − 32). Children were introduced to the study through age-appropriate information formats including verbal explanations, printed materials, and online resources, beginning at age 5 and continuing before completing questionnaires at ages 8 and 11, as described earlier. The study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.