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Article History

Received: 13 March 2025

Accepted: 31 May 2025

First Online: 14 June 2025

Declarations

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: Samples of CSF were obtained upon consent from individuals hospitalized with confirmed TBEV infection in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, under protocols approved by the ethical committees of the Hospital in České Budějovice (approval no. 103/19) and the Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (approval no. 1/2018), and in Brno under protocol approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (date of approval: 27 June 2018). Storage and shipping were also be covered by the above ethical approvals. Clinical data were obtained at the treating hospitals. Disease severity was evaluated according to the following scale: mild, flu-like symptoms with meningeal irritation defined as meningitis, characterized by fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, back pain, arthralgia/myalgia and neck or back stiffness; moderate, previous symptoms together with tremor, vertigo, somnolence, and photophobia defined as meningoencephalitis; severe, prolonged neurological consequences including ataxia, titubation, altered mental status, memory loss, quantitative disturbance of consciousness, and palsy revealed as encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, or encephalomyeloradiculitis (Bogovic and Strle, 2015; Ruzek et al., 2019). Serological and molecular analysis were performed in line with “The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki)” and according to good clinical practice guidelines. In accordance with local legislation, no formal approval by a research ethics committee was required, as either anonymous or clinical samples were used for research purposes. Patients (or their parents) signed informed consent prior to sample collection. Samples were investigated anonymously.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.