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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

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: Postmortem human brain samples.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Spanish National Research Council (Project Ref. PID2019-105136RB-I00). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and caudate nucleus (CAU) tissue samples from controls and PD patients were obtained from the Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS biobank, in accordance with Spanish legislation and with the approval of the local ethics committees. Pathological cases were categorized as stages 1–6 of LB disease pathology, according to Braak staining (Braak et al., 2003), excluding tauopathies, vascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Cases in the control group had not neurological, psychiatric, or metabolic disorders and no neuropathological abnormalities, except for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. A total of 10 control and 20 cases with PD-related pathology were included in the present study. All PD cases were treated for motor symptoms. See Table 1 for subject details.In addition, dlPFC and CAU tissue samples were obtained at autopsy from non-psychiatric controls and DD patients at the Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain, in accordance with the Spanish guidelines of research and ethics committees for postmortem brain studies. This study used dlPFC and CAU from a total of 28 controls and 28 subjects with DD. Of the 28 subjects with MDD, 23 died by suicide. Cohort characteristics are shown in Table 1 .

: The authors declare no competing interests.