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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declaration

:

: All experiments were performed in strict accordance with EU (Directive 2010/63/UE) and Spanish regulations (Real Decreto 53/2013; Generalitat de Catalunya Decret 214/97). The Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute approved all procedures described in this study (protocol ID CEEA 26/18: CEA-OH/10092/2; CEEA 09/19: CEA-OH/11203/2; CEEA 17/19: CEA-OH/106684/3; CEEA 46/19: CEA-OH/9459R1/2).

: Not applicable.

: MVP is co-founder and CSO of Ahead Therapeutics SL. BBZ, SRV, MS, JP and MD are employees of AHEAD Therapeutics SL. CE, BBZ, MVP, SRV, MD and HE hold a patent that relate to liposome immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases, licensed to Ahead Therapeuthics SL. This work was funded by Ahead Therapeutics SL. XM’s institution has received compensation for lecture honoraria and travel expenses, participation in scientific meetings, clinical trial steering committee membership, or clinical advisory board participation in recent years from Abbvie, Actelion, Alexion, Bial PD, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Hoffmann-La Roche, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Medday, Medscape, Merck, Mylan, Nervgen, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Peervoice, Samsung-Biosys, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceutical, TG Therapeutics, Excemed, ECTRIMS, MSIF, and NMSS or any of their affiliates.