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Article History

Received: 28 September 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. HI received speaker honoraria from Roche and financial support for research activities from Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Teva, Biogen, and Alexion. UP received personal consulting fees from Biogen, Roche, and Sanofi and personal payment for speakers bureaus from Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Bayer, and Roche. JK reported grants from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, the Progressive MS Alliance, Quanterix, Roche, Stata DX, the Swiss MS Society, and the Swiss National Research Foundation and personal fees from Alnylam, Immunic, Merck, and Neurogenesis outside the submitted work. HBH reports financial suppor for research activities from Novartis. TZ reports scientific advisory board and/or consulting for Biogen, Roche, Novartis, Celgene, and Merck; compensation for serving on speakers bureaus for Roche, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi, Celgene, and Biogen; and research support from Biogen, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi. K.A. received personal compensation from Novartis, Biogen Idec, Teva, Sanofi, and Roche for consulting services. LW and RH have nothing to declare.