Marastoni, Damiano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-9431
Eccher, Chiara
Signori, Alessio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-9144
Anni, Daniela
Foschi, Matteo
Crescenzo, Francesco
Mazziotti, Valentina
Virla, Federica
Sicchieri, Monica
Turano, Ermanna
Tamanti, Agnese
Camera, Valentina
Ziccardi, Stefano
Zanetti, Giulia
Pizzini, Francesca Benedetta
Martini, Silvia
Fratucello, Anna
Bonetti, Bruno
Sormani, Maria Pia
Calabrese, Massimiliano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3362-7403
Funding for this research was provided by:
Italian Ministry of Health (GR-2021-12373041)
Italian Ministry of Health (GR-2013-02-355322)
Ministry of University and Research (project MNESYS (PE0000006))
Merck Serono S.p.A, Rome, Italy (MS700568_0091)
Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The local ethics committee (Comitato etico per la sperimentazione clinica delle province di Verona e Rovigo) approved the study (CLAD19 Study, 2179CESC), and written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Clinical trials registration: EudraCT Number: 2018-004947-21.
: DM received honoraria for research or speaking and funds for travel from Biogen Idec, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, and Merck-Serono. VC received research grant from European Charcot Foundation, received support for scientific meetings from Biogen, Janssen, Novartis, BMS, Roche and speaking honoraria from Novartis. MPS received consulting fees from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche, Immunic, Alexion, Bristol-Meyer Squibb. MC received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Roche and received research support from the Progressive MS Alliance, Italian Minister of Health, the Novartis Pharma, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Serono.