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Authors
Mahama, Ayisha
Rawat, Pratima
Teodorof-Diedrich, Carmen
Spector, Stephen A.
Campbell, Grant R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of South Dakota (Graduate Research and Creative Scholarship)
Gary N. Piquette Memorial PhD Scholarship
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS104015)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI068632)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH128021)
International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: Venous blood was collected from HIV-seronegative healthy volunteers (ages 18–65) at UC San Diego Health Sciences under a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of California, San Diego (approval number #180485AW), in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR 46 and 21 CFR 50 and 56) and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation; samples were fully de-identified and anonymised. Additional whole blood was obtained from the San Diego Blood Bank under an IRB exemption granted by the University of South Dakota Institutional Review Board (exemption number #IRB-22-209). De-identified samples were assigned to experimental conditions using simple randomisation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
