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Article History

Received: 4 March 2020

Accepted: 31 March 2020

First Online: 10 April 2020

Ethics approval

: The human fetal liver, spleen and thymus (gestational age of 18–20 weeks) used in the transplantations were obtained from medically or elective indicated termination of pregnancy through Magee-Women’s Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center via the University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Tissue Bank. Written informed consent of the maternal donors was obtained in all cases, under IRB of the University of Pittsburgh guidelines and federal/state regulations. The use of human fetal organs/cells to construct humanized mice was reviewed by the University of Pittsburgh’s IRB office, which has determined that this submission does not constitute human subject research as defined under federal regulations (45 CFR 46.102[d or f] and 21 CFR 56.102[c], [e], and [l]). The use of human hematopoietic stem cells was reviewed and approved by the Human Stem Cell Research Oversight (hSCRO) at the University of Pittsburgh. The use of biological agents (e.g., HIV), recombinant DNA, and transgenic animals was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) at the University of Pittsburgh. All animal studies were approved by the IACUC at the University of Pittsburgh and were conducted following NIH guidelines for housing and care of laboratory animals.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.