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Article History

Received: 25 April 2025

Accepted: 10 August 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was issued from Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum. Participants had the right to withdraw at any time without any deprivation. Participants were not harmed by any mean, and healthcare delivery process to the patient was not interrupted. There were no experimental protocols, and complete confidentiality was ensured.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was obtained from all patients involved in the study prior to enrolment. Permission from the selected hospitals and centres was granted.

: The authors declare no competing interests.