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Authors
Bell, Suzanne O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-5940
Makumbi, Fredrick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-7325
Thomas, Haley L. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0358-3654
Kibira, Simon P.S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-423X
Moreau, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-6249
Zimmerman, Linnea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-0889
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD107172, K01HD107172, K01HD107172)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV009639, INV009639, INV009639)
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and the protocol was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board and the Makerere University School of Public Health research and ethics committee in Uganda, and registered with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. All adult female respondents and emancipated minors provided written informed consent to participate while girls aged 15–17 provided assent and a parent provided written consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
