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Authors
Valentín-Cortés, Mislael
O’Neill, Marie S.
Rodríguez-Díaz, Carlos E.
Elliott, Michael R.
Fleming, Paul J.
Handal, Alexis J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (T42OH008455)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES017885, R01ES026603)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used de-identified secondary data from the U.S. National Vital Statistics System. The University of Michigan Institutional Review Board determined that this study is exempt from human subjects’ review (HUM00229614).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
