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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study got approval from Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) Tanzania, which is mandated to provide ethical clearances for undertaking research with Reference. No. IHI/IRB/No.9-2020. The Kigoma Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS) again approved the study. Before interviews and discussions, verbal consent was sought from participants after they had fully explained what the study was all about. Again, the study allowed participants to withdraw from the study at any time if they wanted to. All participants’ information was captured after verbal and written consent was applied. No individual identification was attached to the findings to ensure confidentiality and protect the integrity of participants. Authors adhere to ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, guidelines, and regulations pertaining to the safe and ethical conduct of medical research involving human subjects.

: The authors declare that this work has not been published anywhere nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language without the written consent of the copyright holders.

: The authors declare no competing interests.