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Authors
Ruhode, Nancy
Madanhire, Claudius
Tumushime, Mary K.
Gudukeya, Stephano
Muhonde, Nyaradzo D.
Hatzold, Karin
Cowan, Frances M.
Sibanda, Euphemia L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
DFID (PO 5992: PSI Subaward number 3935SF. IMPLMNT & 3935P.IMPLMNT- CESHHAR)
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2024
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was granted ethical approval from the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (ref MRCZ/A/1757), approved 8 November 2013 and University College London Research Ethics Committee (ref 4866/001), approved 25 October 2013. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained written informed consent from participants before in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Unique identifiers were used to protect confidentiality of information and identity of participants. Data were kept in locked cabinets and in computers protected with passwords to enhance confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
