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Article History

Received: 16 August 2024

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Northwestern and Central Switzerland (EKNZ; EKNZ No. 2020–02154) in Basel, Switzerland, and from the Research Ethics Committee of the Armauer-Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) in Ethiopia as part of the “HEALTH- NIIDS” project. The IRB of Samara University College of Medical and Health Sciences also approved the study. Permission was also obtained from the Refugees and Returnees Service (RRS) in Ethiopia. The information sheet was read to participants in the local language so that they could understand their rights. The research was conducted according to the declaration of Helsinki. Interviews were conducted individually and in private. Participants notified the purpose, objectives, and expectations of the study. Recognizing the sensitive nature of SRH topics, data collectors received comprehensive training on trauma-informed interviewing techniques. This included protocols for identifying and responding to potential re-traumatization during the interview process. In cases where participants exhibited signs of distress, data collectors were trained to pause the interview, offer emotional support, and, if necessary, refer the participant to available counseling services or a local psychiatric clinic for further assistance. All participants provided written informed consent.

: Written informed consent and consent for publication were obtained from study participants, and necessary precautions were taken to ensure confidentiality.

: The authors declare no competing interests.