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Authors
Ingoma, Reagan M.
Kim, So Yoon
Kamangu, Erick N.
Choi, Youngsoon
Kim, David Hyung Ho
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: During the surveys, the adolescents interviewed were considered emancipated minors and gave free and informed consent like all other survey participants. This approach received dual approval from the University of Kinshasa School of Public Health Ethics Committee under No. ESP/CE/030B/2019 of October 10, 2019, and the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board Office of June 24, 2019 (IRB No. 00009677). The research protocol assured participants that their responses would remain confidential and would be reported in aggregate form without identifying information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
