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Use of prescription medications potentially harmful during pregnancy among women of reproductive age by pregnancy status and contraceptive use in the United States, 2009–2020

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02409-7

Published Online: 2026-07-16

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Qato, Dima M.

Ozenberger, Katharine

Li, Qingrong

Steinberg, Irving
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-16

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-07-16
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Article History

Received: 12 March 2026

Accepted: 5 July 2026

First Online: 16 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted using publicly available, de-identified data and was therefore exempt from institutional review board approval. Informed consent was obtained by the NHANES and all analyses were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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