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Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 27 January 2025

First Online: 30 January 2025

Declarations

:

: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Professor Federico Perno and Professor Maria Cristina Marazzi for their continuous support and inspiration for this work. Their guidance has been invaluable throughout this research. We also extend our heartfelt thanks to the African patients involved in this study. It is our hope that this research will contribute to improving their health and quality of life, and benefit many others in similar circumstances in the future.

: AMD conducted the analysis and drafted the manuscript.NM supervised data collection. SO reviewed the manuscript and provided insights into data interpretation. EU and MR managed the clinical data collection from patients. ZS supervised the laboratory data management. GG supervised data collection and reviewed the manuscript. FC conceptualized the study, supervised the analysis, and guided the interpretation of results.

: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity, but are available from the corresponding author upon explicit and reasonable request.

: The authors declare no competing interests.