Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 April 2025

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 26 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The research followed the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Lancaster University, UK, Faculty of Health and Medicine Research Ethics Committee (Reference: FHMREC20154) and the National Committee on Research in the Social Sciences and Humanities, National Commission for Science and Technology, Malawi (Reference: NCST/RTT/2/6).

: All participants provided their informed consent for voluntary participation in the study, dissemination and publication of the study findings. For participants aged below 18 years, both, their caregivers and the adolescents signed the assent/consent form prior to the study enrolment.

: The authors declare no competing interests.