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Authors
Ghaimo, Florian Emanuel
Ng’unda, Neema Allen
Chacha, Samuel
Madundo, Kim
Kiwango, Frank
Kilaye, Karino
Mmbaga, Blandina T.
Staton, Catherine A.
Mzilangwe, Ester Steven
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
FOGARTY INTERNATIONAL CENTER (D43TW009595)
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 11 October 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: The Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Senate’s Research and Publication Committee provided ethical approval before this study was carried out with reference number MUHAS-REC-06-2023-1749, the Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS), the District Medical Officer (DMO) and the officers in charge of the relevant CTC clinics also signed off on a letter granting permission to conduct the study in a hospital setting. All participants were verbally informed about the research and provided with information on what participation would entail and the potential risks and benefits. Participants were then asked to read the consent form and sign it to ensure written informed consent was attained from those agreeing to participate in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Those who were diagnosed with clinically significant depressive, anxiety symptoms and alcohol use disorder (PHQ-9 ≥ 9, GAD-7 ≥ 10, AUDIT ≥ 8 respectively) were referred and/or escorted to the mental health and psychiatric clinic of their respective or nearby facilities.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
