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Authors
Kubahoniyesu, Theogene https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6495-5719
Kagabo, Riziki
Ngendahimana, Emmanuel
Mugabo, Hassan
Nsengiyumva, Jean Paul
Namalinzi, Florence
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study used publicly available secondary data from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Authorization to use the data was obtained from the DHS Program. Ethical clearance was embedded in the original DHS protocols, which were approved by Rwanda’s National Ethics Committee and the ICF Institutional Review Board. No additional ethical approval was required for this analysis.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
