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Authors
Stoebenau, Kirsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-1892
Mwale, Mwangala
Muchanga, Godfrey
McDonald, Kathryn
Geaty, Chipe
K. Mwango, Linah
Baumhart, Caitlin
Blanco, Natalia
Chilyabanyama, Obvious N.
Nalungwe, Kundananji
Maambo, Choolwe
Mulenga, Lloyd
Claassen, Cassidy W.
Lavoie, Marie-Claude
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (1R21MH138197-01)
National Institutes of Health (1R21MH138197-01)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2026
Accepted: 17 June 2026
First Online: 22 August 2026
Declarations
<b>Ethics approval</b> and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee IRB (5720 − 2024), National Health Research Authority (REF: NHRA-1539/09/09/2024, NHRA-1859/14/01/2025), and University of Maryland School of Medicine (HP-00111196, HM-HP-00112410-2). For participants aged 16 to 17 years, we obtained a waiver of parental consent from the IRBs. According to the Zambia Ministry of Health guidelines, minors aged 16 to 17 years are considered mature minors and not required to have parental consent to seek HIV testing and prevention measures. All participants agreed to participate in the study and provided written informed written consent.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
