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Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 11 June 2025

First Online: 21 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Staffordshire University Research Ethics Committee and the National Health Services (NHS) Health Research Authority (HRA). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations as stipulated by these ethics bodies.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Where applicable, consent was also obtained from legal guardians. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, and their right to confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary withdrawal was upheld throughout the research process.

: The authors declare no competing interests.