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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 30 June 2025

First Online: 13 July 2025

Declarations

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: MF, AP, AR and KK are supported by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM). KK is supported by the NIHR Global Research Centre for Multiple Long-Term Conditions, the NIHR Cross NIHR Collaboration for Multiple Long-Term Conditions and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence. KK has acted as a consultant, speaker or received grants for investigator-initiated studies for Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly and Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo and Applied Therapeutics. AJC is supported by the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute of the NIH (R01HL162805A). LJ is a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) associate, with 66% of the funding for his role coming from Innovate UK and 33% coming from Innate Essence Ltd (t/a The Turmeric Co.). MR, SW and KK are supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NIH, NHS or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. MH, KR, KM and WT declare no competing interests.