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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 21 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved the secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the Add Health study () and, therefore, did not require approval from an institutional review board. The Add Health study obtained informed consent from all participants and/or their legal guardians and ensured the confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy of all subjects. All methods adhered to relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The original Add Health study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and all procedures involving human participants complied with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committees. To collect the data used in the Add Health repository, Parental consent was required to list student names in a directory and to allow students to participate in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian and the adolescent for in-home interviews. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study by the Add Health researchers. 

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.