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Authors
Nguyen, Ngoc Huy
Le, Son Dinh Thanh
Bui, Ha Thi Thu
Hoang, Viet Quoc
Do, Cuong Cao
Trang, Vu Thi Thu
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Article History
Received: 17 September 2024
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 21 September 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study used publicly available data from Our World in Data and involved no human subjects or procedures requiring ethical approval. The study utilized aggregated, anonymized data from a public database, and no individual participants were involved.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not include identifiable individual data requiring consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
