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Authors
Msoka, Elizabeth F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-3520
Abraham, Mackenzie
Mulder, Bob C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0357-1370
Beavers, Autumn
Gebremariam, Alem https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-6685
Bright, Frank B. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8290-3493
Serventi, Furaha
Cyril, Perry M.
Kitali, Brenda M.
Saria, Vivian F.
Masenga, Gileard G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7708-9360
Kantelhardt, Eva J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-719X
Joffe, Maureen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8616-9672
Gutnik, Lily https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-7655
Mmbaga, Blandina T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1916
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute administration
German Ministry of Research and Education. (01KA2220B)
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 8 September 2025
Declarations
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: Participants signed informed consent for participation in the study.
: This study obtained ethical approvals from the KCMC University ethical review board (ref: 2425/Prop No. 1179, dated 27 June 2021), the National Review Board (ref: NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol./IX/3773, dated 29 July 2021) and the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government of Tanzania (PO-RALG-ref: AB.307/223/01 dated 27 November 2021). The study was carried out in accordance with guidelines listed in the ethics statements approved by the above ethics committees. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This was done after each participant had been given full information about the study, and being informed of the freedom to withdraw at any stage. In addition, the participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality of their data/information, and no participant identifiable information was included in the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
