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Article History

Received: 25 June 2025

Accepted: 30 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved non-intrusive, observational research conducted in a public park. The University of California, Irvine Institutional Review Board (IRB) determined that the video recording component of the project—capturing low-resolution images every 30 s—qualified for exempt status under U.S. federal regulations. The IRB concluded that ethical review and informed consent were not required because: (1) individuals have no reasonable expectation of privacy in public spaces; (2) the low-resolution footage ensured individuals could not be readily identified; and (3) there was no direct interaction with those observed. Nonetheless, the research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with full respect for privacy and data confidentiality. Not applicable. The study involved passive observation of public behavior in a community park without any interaction or intervention, and no identifiable personal data were collected. Regardless, the research was conducted in accordance with ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with full respect of privacy and data confidentiality.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not include any individual-level data, images, or identifiable information requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.