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Authors
Kouadio, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-1700
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Article History
Received: 21 June 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
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: I confirm that this study did not involve the collection of primary data from human participants. All analyses were conducted using secondary data obtained from publicly available and anonymised sources, specifically the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) databases. As no identifiable personal or sensitive human data were used, and no direct contact with human participants occurred, informed consent was not required. Consent to participate is applicable. This study utilised secondary data from publicly available sources and did not involve the direct participation of human subjects. As such, informed consent was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
