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Authors
Bustami, Normina Ahmad
Lee, Yu Zhao
Tan, Chung Keat
Phuna, Zhi Xin
Zaman, Rahela
Ho, Yu Bin
Gaurav, Anand
Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Excellence & Innovation Grant (REIG-FMHS-2024/005)
Research Excellence & Innovation Grant (REIG-FMHS-2024/025)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2023/SKK06/UCSI/02/3)
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the overarching maternal and child health cohort was initially granted by the Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (MREC) on 22nd October 2015 (Approval code NMRR-15-990-25727). In support of the continuation and extension of the cohort study, including updated research objectives, data collection, and analysis relevant to this investigation, additional ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee, University of Malaya Medical Centre (MREC ID: 2023116-12000) on 8th May 2023. All participants provided informed consent to participate in this study. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any stage without any consequences. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (MREC) on 22nd October 2015 (Approval code NMRR-15-990-25727).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
