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Authors
Kumar, Vijay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-9746
Tripathi, Tulika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-8292
Raj, Alok https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-1701
Kumar, Pradeep https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4125-1191
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used publicly accessible data from Survey of India, Sentinel-5P, Google Earth Engine, and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and did not involve any human subjects or procedures necessitating ethical approval. The research relied on aggregated, anonymized data from a public database, with no participation of individual subjects. Not applicable. The study uses de-identified secondary data with no direct involvement of human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
