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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is based on secondary data analysis of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), which is publicly available and anonymized. The LASI survey received ethical clearance from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. As the present study does not involve direct interaction with human subjects and relies solely on de-identified secondary data, no additional ethical approval was required. All participants in the LASI survey provided informed consent prior to data collection. Since this study utilizes secondary data from LASI, no further consent to participate was necessary.

: Not applicable. The study is based on publicly available, anonymized secondary data and does not include any individual-level identifiable information or images requiring publication consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.