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Authors
Leggett, K.
Maani, N.
Narang, J.
Ratcliff, C.
Kanth, V.
Gibson, S.
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study has Level One ethical approval, granted by School of Social and Political Sciences at The University of Edinburgh.
: Consent from all authors was gained to publish.
: The study was commissioned by EMMS International, a healthcare charity based in Scotland, to guide its future work and inform further research, policy and practice in healthcare systems. The study was initially undertaken by KL as an independent, placement-based dissertation with EMMS. Given her area of interest and connection to EMMS, reflexivity was practised in order to identify positionality and preconceptions held and to separate personal interest and passion on these issues. Furthermore, CR is CEO of EMMS and VK works directly on HCCP in Bihar as a consultant to EMMS International. Both CR and VK sought rigorous objectivity on EMMS intentions, activities and achievements.
