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Article History

Received: 9 June 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The ethical approval for Population HIV Impact Assessment Survey (PHIA) was acquired from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF International. Additional, the study protocol underwent a thorough review to ensure adherence to ethical standards, securing approval from the Ministries of Health across 12 participating countries: Cameroon (Ministry of Public Health), Côte d’Ivoire (Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene), Eswatini (Ministry of Health), Ethiopia (Ministry of Health), Lesotho (Ministry of Health), Malawi (Ministry of Health), Namibia (Ministry of Health and Social Services), Rwanda (Ministry of Health), Tanzania (Ministry of Health), Uganda (Ministry of Health), Zambia (Ministry of Health), and Zimbabwe (Ministry of Health and Child Care). All participants provided informed consent before data collection. The research protocol adhered to applicable national guidelines for ethical research involving human subjects. This study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.