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Authors
Wahdini, Sri
Sungkar, Saleha
Widaty, Sandra
Nurcandra, Fajaria
Sari, Ika Puspa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Indonesia (No. PKS-338/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2025.)
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia–Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (approval number 23-11-1921, No: ND-104/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2025). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations governing research involving human subjects. The study aims, procedures and questioners were explained in the native language (Bahasa Indonesia), and participation was entirely voluntary. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time, and all personal information was kept confidential. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 18 years and older. For participants under 18 years of age, consent was obtained from parents or guardians with assistance from schoolteachers.
: All participants and guardians provided consent for the publication of anonymized data and findings derived from this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
