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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki, and, the need for ethical approval was waived by the departmental ethical review board (ERB) of Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan via approval code: F.No: 185/HU/ERB/ZOOL/2022/3108, dated: 28th April 2022.

: The need for approval of informed consent was waived by the departmental ethical review board (ERB) of Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan via approval code: F.No: 185/HU/ERB/ZOOL/2022/3108, dated: 28th April 2022.

: The authors declare no competing interests.