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Authors
Cuevas, Abraham John E.
Aguilar, Kareeznah Knolliel P.
Monserrat, Eunise Ann H.
Padayao, John Christoper B.
Servigon, Marielle M.
Turingan, Anne Margarette A.
Dorado, Bernadette B.
Ignacio, Jayshiel M.
Lodor, Priscia F.
Osete, Aubrey Nazzareth R.
Ramo, Ariane F.
Bamba, Lyka Mae D.
Labana, Ryan V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7158-343X
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Article History
Received: 10 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines University Research Ethics Committee with Approval No. UREC-2023-1417 and UREC-2024-2264; approved on January 23, 2024. All procedures involving human participants, animals, and environmental sampling were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, as well as with relevant guidelines for animal welfare and environmental research.
: Before the survey, the objectives, procedures, potential benefits, and possible risks of the study were clearly explained to all prospective human participants and to household heads who kept domestic animals. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants; no minors were involved in the survey. Permission to collect samples from domestic animals and to access soil from communal and household areas was obtained from animal owners and local community leaders.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
