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Authors
Opoku, Sampson
Mensah, Michael
Anum, Annabel
Aformaley Selasi, Brown
Aninagyei, Felix
Adjei, Charles
Etornam, Nazzar
Nsiah, Ernest Obeng
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was a secondary analysis of a publicly available, aggregated, and fully anonymised time-series data obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators repository. The dataset contains official country-level estimates from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) and includes no individual patient identifiers or personal information. The 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey which serve as the underlying data for the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of ICF Macro in Calverton, Maryland, USA; and the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service; no additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis. The analysis was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication
: The authors declare no competing interests.
