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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 6 December 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used publicly available, de-identified data from the International Livestock Research Institute’s (ILRI) Index-Based Livestock Insurance database and did not involve direct interaction with human subjects. As such, it was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval by prevailing ethical guidelines for research using secondary data sources. Not applicable.

: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the ILRI database; therefore, informed consent was not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to improve the readability of this manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: The authors confirm that the submitted manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere in the same or substantially similar form.