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Authors
Rahaman, Margubur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-9033
Venkatesh, U. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-9364
Roy, Avijit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-8639
Chouhan, Pradip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-2842
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2024
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 31 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study is based on secondary data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), which is publicly available for research use upon request through the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. No identifiable personal information was accessed. As per institutional ethical guidelines for secondary data analysis, separate ethical approval is not required for analyses of de-identified public datasets. Accordingly, the requirement for ethical review was formally waived by the Institutional Ethics Committee of AIIMS Gorakhpur. Not applicable, as the study used secondary, de-identified data from the public domain.
: Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain any individual-level identifiable data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
