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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not require approval from an ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB) because it utilized secondary datasets that are publicly accessible. As no individual data were used in this research and all information is based on aggregated pre-existing online secondary data, the need for ethics approval was waived for this study. Since this study involved the use of secondary data that is publicly accessible, informed consent was not obtained from participants. No individual data was collected; therefore, there was no requirement for consent related to personal information. Additionally, the data used in this study was fully anonymized and aggregated, which further eliminates the need for informed consent. The requirement for consent was waived, as the study relied on de-identified and publicly available datasets.

: Not applicable, as the study did not involve human participants or any individual data requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.