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Authors
Aggarwal, Sumit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0652-1611
Ovung, Senthanro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-4932
Sharma, Apoorva https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-6079
Joshi, Aparna
Diwan, Vishal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-8579
Stephen, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-5178
Devi, Kangjam Rekha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-2251
Mishra, Bijaya Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4122-2713
Yadav, Girijesh Kumar https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9831-7090
Bangar, Sampada Dipak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-9856
Sahu, Damodar
Adhikari, Tulsi
Sharma, Saurabh
Yadav, Jeetendra
Alee, Nongzaimayum Tawfeeq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-5661
Kant, Rajni https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-8140
Sahay, Seema https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-827X
Tiwari, Rajnarayan Ramshankar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-9603
Thomas, Beena Elizabeth
Rao, M. Vishnu Vardhana
Nair, Saritha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-6124
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Indian Council of Medical Research (HIV/COVID-19/3/5/2020/ECD-II)
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Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 31 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study proposals and data collection tools were reviewed and approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Task Force for Operations Rese arch for COVID-19, ICMR-Central Ethics Committee for Human Research for COVID-19 (File No. NCDIR/BEU/ICMR-CECHR/75/2020, reference number: CECHR 015/2020 dated 10th June, 2020) and the Ethical Review Committees of all the institutes participating in the study. Scientific robustness and accountability were audited by them ICMR Institute’s Annual Scientific Advisory Committees (SAC). All procedures performed involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Participant Information Sheet (PIS) and Informed Consent (IC), translated to local languages, were read out to the participant over the phone and shared wherever possible through email or whatsapp. Consent was sought from the participants and recorded by the investigators from the respective sites.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
