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Authors
Temane, Maatla D.
Mthimkhulu, Nqaba
Gqunu, Sinalo
Ntimani, Bongani
Kashiram, Avani
Shaik, Shabnam
Johnstone, Siobhan L.
Machemedze, Takwanisa
Madhi, Shabir A.
Dangor, Ziyaad
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gateway Foundation (PP1126780)
Gates Family Foundation (PP1126780)
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 28 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the University of the Witwatersrand’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HDSS; HREC: Clearance Certificate Number: 170216). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: This study used secondary, de-identified SaT-HDSS data collected under prior informed consent from participating households.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
