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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 25 December 2025

First Online: 31 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee at the Lagos State Ministry of Health (LSMOH/BMGF/2024/01), and the six Health Districts. Prior to data collection, we engaged key representatives at the Health Districts and PHCs in a stakeholder meeting where information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and target population were provided. Participation in the study was made entirely voluntary for each recruited PHCs, and there were opportunities for replacements in case of PHCs that refused, were abandoned or non-functional. Informed consent was obtained from the directorate of each PHC before commencement of interviews. All study procedures adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964; most recently amended in 2008) and relevant national guidelines governing research involving human participants.

: All participants voluntarily consented to take part in the study and signed the informed consent forms.

: All authors reviewed the final manuscript and provided their full consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.