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Authors
Cade, Alice https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-3958
Stevens, Kirk https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4942-2147
Niazi, Imran Khan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-7224
Holt, Kelly https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-7260
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained through the New Zealand College of Chiropractic Research Committee. The New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee (HDEC) reviewed the project and confirmed that, as this was a follow-up analysis of previously collected educational assessment data, it was considered out of scope for formal ethics review (Out of Scope Reference: 2021 EXP 11582). All participants had provided prior consent for their data to be used in research as part of ongoing curriculum evaluation. All procedures performed in this study were carried out in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable. No individual data, images, or other identifying information are included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
