Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The GATS India data set is available in the public domain from CDC and are de-identified. All the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys were approved by ethical boards of survey countries and CDC, Atlanta. Study protocols and survey materials for GATS 2 were approved by the Ethics Review Committee and IRB of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Parent or guardian informed consent was obtained for interviews of minors aged 15–17 years.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.