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Article History

Received: 4 February 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for ethical research conduct. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is an approved examination board of the Department of Civil Engineering at Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), prior to the commencement of data collection in June 2023. The review board of the institution reviewed social and professional ethics. They approved the study protocol, including research design, data collection procedures, questionnaire instruments, and informed consent procedures. The board confirmed that the study adequately protects participant rights, maintains confidentiality, and involves minimal risk to participants.

: This study obtained informed consent prior to collecting data from participants. The surveyors communicated to the participants that the study involved minimal risk. They were provided information about the study’s purpose and assured that participation was voluntary and that declining participation would not impact their employment status. Additionally, personal information was removed from the data to ensure anonymity, and confidentiality was guaranteed. Furthermore, it was emphasized that the study data would be used solely for research purposes.

: Not applicable. No individual or identifiable personal data is included in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.